The Gender Theory Essay Example for Free

The Gender Theory Essay Shopping is something that can be quickly defined as a woman’s paradise or â€Å"realm of expertise†. It has often been said that women spend more time and money shopping that men spend time and money shopping. In my experiment, I will go to Costco and choose five people at random. I intend to prove that women will spend more time and money shopping at Costco than men will spend time and money at Costco. I also intend to prove that more women will need assistance with placing their items in their vehicles than men will need assistance with placing their items in their vehicles. The gender role theory played a significant role in this experiment. In the theory, women assume the role of the nurturer and caregiver. Men, on the other hand, assume the role of the protector and the aggressor. Subject A- Female (37) 1. Time spent in Costco- two hours. 2. Amount spent in Costco- $149. 27. 3. Assistance needed with placing items in vehicle? No Subject B- Female (52) 1. Time spent in Costco- one hour. 2. Amount spent in Costco- $50. 12. 3. Assistance needed with placing items in vehicle? No Venus vs. Mars 3 Subject C- Male (31) 1. Time spent in Costco- three hours and thirty minutes. 2. Amount spent in Costco- $412. 92. 3. Assistance needed with placing items in vehicle? Yes Subject D- Male (47) 1. Time spent in Costco- three hours. 2. Amount spent in Costco- $371. 58. 3. Assistance needed with placing items in vehicle? Yes Subject E- Male (22) 1. Time spent in Costco- twenty minutes. 2. Amount spent in Costco- $22. 12. 3. Assistance needed with placing items in vehicle? No The gender role theory was switched with the test subjects. The women, Subjects A and B, were defensive when approached for the experiment. They both were short and to the point with their answers. They were both aggressive to the point wherein they asked me to stand at least an arms length away from them. The men, on the other hand, were quite the opposite. Subjects C and D both were inviting and talkative. They both shook my hand and held lengthy conversations with me after I assisted them with placing the items in their respective vehicles. Subject E behaved the same way as Subjects A and B. Venus vs. Mars 4 The expected outcome did not occur. Out of the five test subjects, the men spent more time and money shopping at Costco. The men, for the most part, were the ones who required assistance with placing their belongings in their vehicles. If this experiment were to be performed again, more test subjects should be used in order to have a basis for proving or disproving the gender theory.

Influences Of Feminism On Political Science

Influences Of Feminism On Political Science This essay will evaluate the influences of feminism on political science. Feminists have given us a different outlook on what we define as politics. In simple terms politics is about power. However the ways and spheres with in which this power is exercised and the actors who have authority to use it can be debated. By challenging conventional ideas of what is political, feminists have broadened the definition of politics. The question above will be answered in this essay by firstly looking at the historical roots of feminism. I will then move on to describe the term feminism and how this movement has developed over the years. In the second half of the essay I will look at how feminists view the state. Finally I will carry out a case study to reinforce the contributions made by feminism to the field of political analysis. Although feminist aspirations have been expressed in societies dating back to china, they were not underpinned by a political theory until the publication of Mary Wollstonecrafts a vindication of the rights of women (Heywood, 2002:61). In terms of Europe, the first set of women who highlighted issues regarding their sex did this for religion and within religious frameworks (Walters, 2005:6). Following this in the early 19th century campaigns were organized for improving education, increasing opportunities to work outside home, legal rights for married women and the concept of giving women the right to vote was initiated (Walters, 2005: 41). As a result of the demand for voting rights for women, the suffragettes movement came into being. In 1918, women over the age of 30 were given the vote; and in March 1928, under a conservative government, they finally won it on equal terms with men (Walters, 2005: 85). In simple terms feminism can be defined as an ideology committed to promoting the social role of women and, in most cases, dedicated to the goal of gender equality (Heywood, 2002: 423). Firstly the idea that there is gender and inequality in terms of sex, secondly the fact that this patriarchal system should not be allowed to dominate forms the base of feminism (Heywood, 2002: 61). Feminism essentially can be divided into three sub sections. First wave, second wave and third wave. It can be observed that with time feminism has become more radical as demands have increased. The first wave feminism, which is also known as liberal feminism, was initiated by the suffragettes movement. Mary Wollstonecraft laid the foundations for first wave liberal feminism with the help of her book a vindication of the rights of women (Pettiford, 2005: 159). In A vindication of rights of women, she used liberal arguments to make the case for equal rights and opportunities for women (Pettiford, 2005: 159) . Liberal feminism focuses on the reasons behind women being classified secondary to men. They do not question the epistemological assumptions for these differences and mainly focus on the given content. Liberal feminist believe that by empowering women legally they can raise their status in society. These include a number of issues for example the problems faced by refugee women and sex trafficking (Smith, 2007: 188). The second and third wave feminism is critical of liberal feminism. Second wave feminism came about after the Second World War in a number of countries. By 1947 the UN had established a commission that served the purpose of looking at the status of women in society. In 1949 by issuing the declaration of human rights, the UN acknowledged that both men and women have equal rights in terms of marriage and divorce (Walters, 2005: 97). With the help of the womens liberation movement, the demands of more radical feminists were presented to the world. The aim was to stretch the concept of politics and stop it from being only restricted to its arena definition. The famous slogan the personal is political came around (Heywood, 2002: 12). Politics was not only about the state or government now; it was seen as an everyday experience. This means that it is present in relationships between families, work colleagues and almost any association one individual might have with another. Radical feminists demand a sexual revolution through which they argue we can remove the patriarchal state that currently exists (Heywood, 2002:12). The third wave of feminism raises many fundamental questions about their discipline. These include looking at the methodologies that are used in political science. By challenging the state as being the only arena for power and politics, feminists have produced a range of arguments through which politics can be defined or analyzed. To begin with by uncovering the idea of patriarchal state, the feminist have made a huge contribution to make us view how are legal and state institutes are controlled by men and also how conventionally politics has been viewed as male stream (Hay, 2002: 71). Feminist perspectives can be divided into five broad categories: The neutral state, patriarchal state, capitalist state, women-friendly welfare state and finally the post structural state. Liberal feminist have made contributions to the idea of a neutral state. They influenced policy making. Public debates surrounding equal pay, quotas and citizenships are now being seen under the light of equality and universality. These will enable women to step into institutes that have a male majority. Liberal feminists have armed us with a numerous of essential ideas regarding justice that are still being used in feminist debates (Marsh, 2006: 119-120). Radical feminist have given us ideas that help in unmasking the patriarchal nature of the state. This in turn has helped in uncovering how the state has a part to play for gender inequalities within various settings (Marsh, 2006: 122). Marxist and socialist feminist contribution was to conceptualize the state as a social relation and to stress the importance of understanding capitalist relations when theorizing the state (Marsh, 2006: 123). It emphasised the idea of the work women do for their family without demanding a wage and established a fresh outlook to liberal and radical feminist perspectives on the state (Marsh, 2006: 123). The women-friendly welfare state feminist approach contributed to feminist debates on the state by highlighting the role of context in feminist state theory. It provided tools for analysing by challenge questioning widely accepted theories and judgments about womens link to the welfare state which was built on Anglo-American theory and research. Furthermore by looking at gender and state in terms of theory it gave us a softer approach of analysis to the values of womens agency (Marsh, 2006: 124-125). Post structural approaches have contributed significantly to feminist debates about the state by highlighting the differentiated nature of the state and by questioning the unity of state responses (Marsh, 2006: 125). The classical definition of politics provided to us by the author Robert Dahl which is that power exists when A is able to make B do something that B wouldnt normally have chosen to do (Heywood, 2002: 11). This makes power a key concept of political science. If we then look at feminism, it is not hard to deduce from the definitions of the movement provided in the first part of this essay that feminists do indeed focus and criticise the use of power. It can be argued that ideas such as rational choice theory and feminism have produced a whole new language with a range of lexis for the analysis of political science. The question of what is politics? and whether or not it is a science or not can be looked in a whole new light. The key three terms that have been developed for this debate are ontology, epistemology and methodology. Ontology refers to what is out there in the world to know. Epistemology helps us to trace how we know about these ontological issues that exist. Finally methodology is a term used to describe the means employed to search for ontology and epistemology. Feminism has been described as going through three epistemological phases: rationalist (positivist), anti rationalist and post rationalist (interpretive). By rejecting conventional borders of political science and bringing up the issue of public/private dichotomy, feminists have indeed provided essential tools to dissect and analyse political issues and disci pline (Stoker, 2002: 113-115). In order to summarize and emphasise the contribution of feminist theory I will now analyse a case study. Currently the world is plagued by wars in countries like Iraq and Afghanistan. Along with this the current recession has left many unemployed and it is safe to say the world is going through a rather dark time. Due to word restriction I have decided to only look at the war on Iraq and analyze it from a feminist point of view. The key issue I will be looking at is how the meaning of protection and security has taken a new dimension when we analyze the war on Iraq from a feminist perspective. To begin with decision to enter Iraq was made by representatives of a patriarchal structure which included ideas such as revenge, strength and bravery. These ideas would contradict feminine ideas like compromise. War on Iraq followed after September 11 attacks on the twin towers in New York. It also resulted because the Bush administration claimed that Saddams regime were in possession of weapons of mass destruction. However these weapons were never found and civilians as well as military personnel are dying on a regular basis in these parts of the world. If we then look at this in the broader sense, the soldiers who die in these wars leave behind families. This increases the responsibility on women as they have to usually become the breadwinners of the family (Owens, 2008: 270). This not only challenges the myth of pr otection but also allows us to see how feminists historically contributed to allow women to become responsible for the welfare for their families. For example if we were to accept the idea of women being confide to households, who would provide basics necessities of life to these families. Along with this if a women has taken up a role of the head of the house then why should she not be allowed to make decisions on higher institutional levels. Feminists define security broadly and encompass ideas such as violence, physical, economic and ecological security (Owen, 2008: 270). The national security of states, defined in masculine terms lays emphasis on military strength, can overlook the physical and economic security of individuals (Owen, 2008: 270). This essay has reflected on the various influences that feminism has had on political science. By questioning the relationship between public/private, feminists have contributed in revealing the complexities of the political world. The case study I used above can show us how if we were to filter conflicts from a feminist perspective, we can take account of humanitarian crises that lie ahead. Finally by showing that power is a universal and everyday practice, feminism has allowed us to see that politics indeed exists in our society and in political institutes such as the state.

Composition of Hydrocarbons

Composition of Hydrocarbons Samerah Mansha Chemistry – Hydrocarbons – Organic compounds are molecules comprising of both carbon and hydrogen atoms. These compounds can be found as gaseous, liquid, or solid. Organic compounds are vital in life processes as they are found in the products we use daily such as soap, cosmetics, perfumes, plastics, rubber, paper, insecticides. The source of energy we use everyday such as petroleum and coal contain organic compounds. Foods such as margarines and flavourings that we taste are the organic compounds interrelating with our taste buds.Scents in perfumes and food that we detect with our nose are organic compounds interrelating with our receptors. The main type of organic compounds are hydrocarbons, which are chemical compounds compromising of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Alkanes and alkenes are two types of hydrocarbons. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons due to containing the full amount of hydrogen atoms possible. Alkanes also contain single bonds. The overall formula of an alkane isCnH2n+2, where n shows the quantity of carbon atoms present. The chemical and structural formula of alkanes (see figure 1). Isomers are molecules with an identical chemical formula, but differ in terms of having different structural formula due to varied arrangement of atoms, isomers also have different properties. The isomer of butane C4H10, is 2methyl-propane. (See figure 2) These two compounds are isomers of each other due to having the same chemical formula of C4H10, but vary in terms of having different structural formula. The above propane has an added methyl group, thus called methyl propane. The isomers of hexane C6H14, (see figure 3) The isomers of pentane C5H12, (see figure 4) – A homologous series is simply a group of organic chemical compounds which is ordered in increasing size, such as having similar structures but only differ slightly by a CH2 group within their chain. A series of compounds which are related like alkanes are known as homologous series. This is because alkanes have the same general formulas of CnH2n+2, but differ from the next CH2 unit. All the alkanes in the homologous series have similar chemical properties, but have different physical properties such as boiling point and density increase as the number of carbons atoms increase. Name of Alkane Number Carbon atoms Chemical Formula Simple Structure (Molecular Diagram) Methane 1 C H4 Ethane 2 C2H6 Propane 3 C3H8 Butane 4 C4H10 Pentane 5 C5H12 Hexane 6 C6H14 Heptane 7 C7H16 Octane 8 C8H18 Nonane 9 C9H20 Decane 10 C10H22 Figure: 5 Example of a homologous series of alkanes with structure of CnH2n+2, Ivy Rose, (n.d) 2.4, 2.5 – As alkanes are saturate hydrocarbons, they are deemed unreactive due to containing single bonds such as C-H and C-C bonds which are quiet strong and difficult to break due to the strong intermolecular force. However the only ways alkanes are able to react is via combustion, chlorination and cracking. Combustion is exothermic process and is known burning of carbon compounds, in particular hydrocarbons is a vital source of heat energy. For example by combusting alkanes with oxygen it releases energy which can be instantaneously be used as fuels. In combustion of alkanes such as propane, every single covalent bond within the reactants is broken down and forms a new set of covalent bonds within the products. The balanced formula is: CH3-CH2-CH3 + 5 O2——>3 CO2 + 4 H2O + heat Combustion also producescarbon dioxideand watervapour which is shown above. Another example of combustion of methane: CH4(g) + 2O2(g)→CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) (Methane + Oxygen→Carbon dioxide + Water) If there is not enough oxygen supply within the air, then this would result then would form carbon monoxide gas which is poisons. For example, the below equation shows the partial combustion of methane due to lack of oxygen present: 2CH4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO(g)+ 4H2O(g) (Methane + Oxygen → Carbon monoxide + Water) However the burning of alkanes has the potential to cause many enviromental problems, such as the toxic waste gas carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons which are present in cat emissions. Additional excessive combustion of hydrocarbons increases carbon dioxide emissions which contribute to the greenhouse effect. Another reaction of alkanes is called chlorination which is the when alkanes react with chlorine. For example, when the alkane methane and chlorine react together, the hydrogen atoms of the methane are simply replaced one by one by chlorine atoms. Thus forming a combination of compounds of chloromethane, dichloromethane, trichloromethane and tetrachloromethane. Figure:6 Reaction and products that occur between methane and chlorine, Chem Guide, (2000) Some fuels which are made from oil mixtures contain large hydrocarbon molecules which are not useful, as they do not flow easily and are quiet difficult to ignite. This is when the process of the cracking, a thermal decompositionreaction comes in. The process of cracking allows big hydrocarbon molecules to be broken down into much smaller and more useful hydrocarbon molecules. This is achieved by the large hydrocarbon molecules being vaporised and put in a hot catalyst which breakdowns the chemical bonds within molecules thus forming smaller hydrocarbon molecules. For example in the cracking process of the alkane hexane, a smaller alkane is formed plus an alkene. The alkene is formed because the alkane which is this case is the hexane does not contain enough hydrogen atoms in order to produce another alkane. . C6H14 C4H10 + C2H4 Figure: 7 The cracking reaction of the alkane hexane, BBC Bitesize, (n.d) 3.1 Alkenes are also hydrocarbons compromising of carbon and hydrogen atoms, but also have one or more double bonds present within the carbon chain. Alkenes are also a series of compounds within a homologous series but have a different general formula of CnH2n. Examples of alkenes and their chemical and structural formula (See figure 8) Geometrical isomerisms are formed when atoms or groups of molecules are arranged in a different way due to limited amount of rotation of the bond or bonds within a molecule. For example, there are two geometrical isomers for the alkene 2-butene, as there are two different spatial arrangements of methyl groups and double bond, thus forming geometrical isomers called cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene, these are formed because the CH3 groups are found on opposite of the double bond. (See figure 9) Another example is the 1,2-dichloroethene, forms the trans-1,2 dichoethne and Cis-1,2 dichroloethee gemotical isomers, (See figure 10) One of the isomer, the two chlorine atoms are locked upon opposite sides of double bond, thus called theTransisomer whereas in the other isomer the two chlorine atoms are locked within the same side of the double bond thus known as cisisomer. (See figure 10). 3.2, 3.3 – A single covalent bond is simply when one pair of electrons (2 electrons) are shared amongst two atoms. It typically consists of one sigma bond. On the other hand, bonds with more than one mutual pair of electrons are called multiple bonds, in particular sharing two pairs of electrons is called a double bond where 4 electrons are covalently bonded together, the double bonds typically comprises of one sigma and one pi bond. Alkanes are saturated compounds with single covalent sigma bonds, thus are more stable than alkenes as high amount of energy would be needed to break these. Alkenes are unsaturated with the presence of carbon-carbon pi-bonds and sigma bonds which connects to carbon atoms which makes them highly more reactive than alkanes due to the existence of double bonds and because they are unstable as they want to achieve full saturation. Another reason alkenes are ore reactive is because in double bond there is a lone pair of free electrons which is easily lost thus highly reactive as its easily lost in order to be covalently single bonded Thus when alkenes react in such reactions such as combustion or additions, it mainly involves the rupture of the pi bond, thus forming newsingle bonds. Within the alkenes, the double bond allows more electrons to be put into the joining within the two carbon atoms, thus held less strongly making them more likely to react with less input of energy needed to ov ercome the activation energy of reaction 3.4, 3.5 The main reaction of alkenes is the addition reaction which occurs due to the extra electron found within the C=C double bond which causes alkenes to be attacked by species called electrophiles in which â€Å"like† positve charged electrons. Due to the electrophile having an positive charge it is attracted towards the alkene which causes the electrons within the pi bond to break, then electrons from it are used in order to form a bond to the positive end joining the two carbon atoms to other things. Figure: 11 Example of an addition reaction using X-Y, Chem guide, (2003) Another example of addition reactions is hydrogen and hydrogen chloride. ethene +hydrogen→ethane = C2H4+H2→C2H6 Due to alkenes containing pi-bonds (double or triple) which can be broken easily due to their overlay, it makes them the prime target for addition reaction, which stabilises the molecular orbitals by forming sigma-bonds, which are stronger. Another example ofan addition reactionis the bromine test which is simply used in order to tell the difference between an alkane and an alkene. Alkenes undergo an addition reaction when combined with bromine water which is usually orangey-brown in colour, but when it is shaken with an alkene, the solution becomes colourless as alkene decolourise bromine water as it reacts with the double bond, which indicates the presence of a pi bond. However if bromine water was shaken with an alkane, the bromine water remains brown as there is no double bond present For example, the bromine is decolourised because a colourless dibromethane compound forms. For example: ethene + bromine → dibromoethane C2H4+ Br2→ C2H4Br2 (See figure 12) 3.6 Polymerisation is an important reaction of alkenes. During polymerisation all the atoms within the alkenes are used to form a polymer, a polymer is a large long-chain of molecule of repeated units which formed when smaller molecule called monomers join together. For example, several chloroethene monomers join end-to-end to make poly(chloroethene), which is also known as PVC via the polymerisation process. (See figure 13) Figure: 14 Addition polymerisation reaction, BBC Bitesize, (n.d) Alkenes act as monomer due to the presence of the double bond. Different polymers have different properties, so they have different uses which make them important in everyday life. For example, the polymer polyethene is commonly used to make plastic bags and bottles, whereas polyproper is used to make crated and ropes and polycholorethene is uses in water pipes and commonly in insulation of electricity cables. However regardless of the uses of polymers being useful their disposal creates various problems, due to being non-biodegradable, because being unreactive to majority of chemicals and bacteria. However can only be recycled, but this is a costly process. They can also be burnt which does produce energy but again produces toxic fumes. References: Accelerated Study Notes, (n.d), Alkenes, [on-line], Available at: http://www.acceleratedstudynotes.com/ib/chemistry-ib/ib-chemistry-alkenes/, [Accessed on 16/05/15]. Barry Gray, (2006), Organic Chemistry and the Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes, [on-line], Available at: http://www.barrygray.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Tutoring/OrgC.html, [Accessed on 18/05/15]. BBC Bitesize, (n.d), Alkanes, [on-line], Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/crudeoil/crudeoilrev1.shtml, [Accessed on 16/05/15]. BBC Bitesize, (n.d), Polymerisation, [on-line], Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/21c_pre_2011/materials/chemicalscrudeoilrev3.shtml, [Accessed on 11/06/15]. BBC Bitesize, (n.d), Polymers and ethanol from oil – Cracking, [on-line], Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/oils/polymersrev1.shtml, [Accessed on 16/05/15]. BBC Bitesize, (n.d), Polymers and ethanol, [on-line], Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/substancesfromcrudeoil/polymersandethanolrev1.shtml, [Accessed on 14/06/15]. BBC Bitesize, (n.d), Properties of Alkanes, [on-line], Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/chemistry/materialsfromoil/hydrocarbons/revision/3/, Accessed on 15/06/15]. Boundless, (n.d), Reactions of alkenes and alkynes, [on-line], Available at: https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/organic-chemistry-23/alkenes-and-alkynes-164/reactions-of-alkenes-and-alkynes-633-3626/, [Accessed on 15/06/15]. Chem Guide, (2000), Multiple substitutions in the methane and chlorine reaction, [on-line], Available at: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/mechanisms/freerad/multisubcl.html, [Accessed on 18/05/15]. Chem Guide, (2003), Introducing Alkenes, [on-line], Available at: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkenes/background.html, [Accessed on 15/05/15]. Chem guide, (2012), Structural Isomerism, [on-line], Available at: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/structural.html, [Accessed on 12/05/15]. Chem Guide, (n.d), The halogenation of alkanes, [on-line], Available at: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkanes/halogenation.html, [Accessed on 16/05/15]. Chem Wiki, (n.d), Cis Trans Isomers of Alkanes, [on-line], Available at: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/Structure_of_Organic_Molecules/Cis_and_Trans_Isomers_of_Alkanes, [Accessed on 14/05/15]. Chem Wiki, (n.d), Geometric Isomerism in Organic Molecules, [on-line], Available at:http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/Isomerism_in_Organic_Compounds/Geometric_Isomerism_in_Organic_Molecules, [Accessed on 14/05/15]. Chemistry Msu,(2013), Reactions of Alkenes, [on-line], Available at: http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/addene1.htm, [Accessed on 15/05/15]. Cliffs Notes, (n.d), Alkenes: Molecular and Structural Formulas, [on-line], Available at: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/chemistry/organic-chemistry-i/structure-and-properties-of-alkenes/alkenes-molecular-and-structural-formulas, [Accessed on 16/06/15]. Ivy Rose, (n.d), Homologous Series, [on-line], Available at: http://www.ivyroses.com/Chemistry/Organic/Homologous-Series.php, [Accessed on 17/05/15]. Organic Chemistry Blog,(2012), Organic chemistry in everyday life, [on-line], Available at: http://organicchemistryucsi.blogspot.co.uk/, [Accessed on 16/05/15]. Organic Chemistry, (n.d), Polymerisation of Alkenes, [on-line], Available at: http://www.organicchemistry.com/polymerization-of-alkenes/, [Accessed o 15/05/15].

Essays --

Laser treatment is being employed for several applications including wound healing, bone repair, pain-relief, etc. The basic principle of laser therapy relies on the absorption of photonic energy by molecular photoacceptors (chromophores), leading to a photochemical reaction. This photochemical reaction results in the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and heat, which are known to play a crucial role in laser-induced damage. This study explores the role of specific heat in affecting laser-induced damage. By using the formula, H = msÃŽ ¸ (H being Heat, M being Mass; S being Specific heat, and ÃŽ ¸ being change in temperature), it was speculated that a change in specific heat would affect rise in temperature and hence cytotoxicity induced by the laser. Therefore, the specific heat of different solutions was measured using a calorimeter-like setup. Once the specific heat of different solutions was determined, cells (HaCaT, Human Skin Epithelial Cells and NOKSI, Normal Oral Keratinocytes) were treated with solutions of varying specific heat capacities and assessed in laser damage. It was observed that in lowering the specific heat by using various cell culture solutions, there is a sharp increase in temperature at lower laser doses, leading to increased damage to cells. Further, a robotic arm is being assembled to characterize the heat dispersion during clinical therapy, with the aim of mimicking manual operator hand motions and helping simulate clinical therapy in further lab experiments. INTRODUCTION There are three primary phases of wound healing—inflammation, tissue formation, and tissue regeneration. It is a dynamic, interactive process involving soluble mediators, blood cells, extracellular matrix, and parenchymal cel... ...of glycerol is indeed cytotoxic. When treating the cells with a 1.7W laser, the 10% FBS solution proved to be the most effective in preserving cell viability, due to its high specific heat capacity. Future goals of this experiment will strive to determine whether the laser-induced killing is through heat, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation, or some other factor. In Aim 2, we were able to capture the precise clinical operator movements in multiple dimensions using the precision 6-axis sensor. We recently completed construction of our robotic arm and are in the process of programming using the clinical data captured with the sensor. This robotic arm concept is expected to greatly stabilize the laser motions, and will certainly be a beneficial and revolutionary application in not only lab experiments, but also experiments dealing with animals, such as mice.

Fly in Buttermilk Essay -- essays papers

Fly in Buttermilk James Baldwin is a very perceptive man and usually gets his point across pretty well. In his excerpt â€Å"A Fly in Buttermilk†, Baldwin discusses his encounter with a southern family. This family includes a young black male who is enrolled in an all white high school. He asks of the boy’s troubles and discusses his responses. For the very first words of this excerpt Baldwin states â€Å"You can take the child out of the country, but you can’t take the country out of the child.† This bases on the whole excerpt. For my own interpretation I took this as a self-reflection upon one own environment. I know personally from my own experiences that the environments in which I was raised in from my parents and friends to my living in a city and a suburb reflect my opinion of what others speak of. What you are accustomed to become the normal and what you are not accustomed to become the odd. For example, in this excerpt Baldwin talks to an old man of the south. Baldwin tells of how he has seen picture of people being hung in the south, but this old man has actually experienc...

Power and Politics in Organizations Essay -- Power and Politics in the

Power and Politics in Organizations Introduction Have you ever wondered what role politics and power play in organizations? When used effectively they can be compatible in reaching the organizations goals. Power is defined as the ability to get someone to do something you want done or the ability to make things happen in the way you want them. (Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn, Chap. 15). Power is important within organizations because it is the way in which management influences individuals to make things happen. When power and influence combine, most of the time 'politics' become involved in some manner which may pose some problems. Organizational politics is best described as management influenced by self-interest through the use of means not necessarily authorized by the organization. Organizational politics have been viewed as an organizations enhancement tool to survive and fulfill goals. Power and Politics, though closely related, share similarities and differences but ultimately work together for the success of an organizatio n. Types of Power There are two types of power that influence both individual and organizational behaviors. The first one, known as Position Power is widely used by the managers as a direct result of their position in the organization. There are six bases under position power in which the management uses to effectively motivate their employees. Reward power is probably the most successful in controlling employees. There are several typ... Power and Politics in Organizations Essay -- Power and Politics in the Power and Politics in Organizations Introduction Have you ever wondered what role politics and power play in organizations? When used effectively they can be compatible in reaching the organizations goals. Power is defined as the ability to get someone to do something you want done or the ability to make things happen in the way you want them. (Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn, Chap. 15). Power is important within organizations because it is the way in which management influences individuals to make things happen. When power and influence combine, most of the time 'politics' become involved in some manner which may pose some problems. Organizational politics is best described as management influenced by self-interest through the use of means not necessarily authorized by the organization. Organizational politics have been viewed as an organizations enhancement tool to survive and fulfill goals. Power and Politics, though closely related, share similarities and differences but ultimately work together for the success of an organizatio n. Types of Power There are two types of power that influence both individual and organizational behaviors. The first one, known as Position Power is widely used by the managers as a direct result of their position in the organization. There are six bases under position power in which the management uses to effectively motivate their employees. Reward power is probably the most successful in controlling employees. There are several typ...

Integrated

Tyrone Galimore Professor Tania J Quinn 100 las Experience, Learning and Identity January 4, 2011 Malcolm x, self-educated his self in prison, and gained self confidence in reading and writing. I see myself in the same position. My whole life I felt I was in prison in the labor work force. `I am attempting to self educate myself at the college of New Rochelle. In an attempt to get a degree, so I can improve my finical situation. I am my biggest mentor at this point in my life, and you (Professor Quinn) seem to have a great influence on my education.Your energy and your personal stories inspire me to believe in myself. Like the tutor in educating Rita; he believed in Rita’s ability that she could learn and change her life around. My goal is to be a better writer and receive my under graduate Degree, and eventually getting my master degree in teaching, and one day becoming a teacher. The thing that held me back from achieving a College degree in the past was family. I was just l ike Rita’s husband who wanted a family, but in my situation I was thinking with the wrong head.I had a son, and had to support my family, so I got a second job to make more money, and dropout of school. â€Å"The allegory of the cave† According to those living inside the cave, their perception was their reality, and these people who stayed inside the cave could not see the light and were not open to new ideas, but those who left outside the cave had a greater understanding of the light’s reality and realized there was more to life. It would have been hard to return after finding this new knowledge. Galimore 2 Malcolm X wrote to the minister Elijah Muhammad at least twenty-five times.He must have written that first one-page letter to him, over and over. Malcolm was trying to make it both legible and understandable. He practically couldn’t read his own handwriting; it shamed him to even remember this. Malcolm’s spelling and his grammar was as bad, if not worse. Anyway, as well as he could express it, he said, Malcolm had been told about Elijah Muhammad by his brothers and sisters, and Malcolm apologized for his poor letter written. (Alex Haley p. 173) My whole life I felt entrapped to the life style I was living.A blue collar worker just barely able to pay the rent and feed my family. On the job I felt like a professional worker receiving migrant workers pay. My professional skills were fine tuned to perfection, and my bosses and co-workers always gave me the highest compliments when it came to my work performance. Promotions on the job came up frequently, and these positions would be posted publicly next to the staff’s mail boxes where I could see them daily. The frustrating thing was I could not apply for any of these positions because I was unqualified.Most of these positions required a College Degree, something I did not have. Galimore 3 It was because of Malcolm letters that he happened to stumble upon starting to a cquire some kind of a homemade education. Malcolm was increasingly frustrated at not being able to express what he wanted to convey in letters that Malcolm wrote, especially those to Mr. Elijah Muhammad. In the streets, Malcolm had commanded attention when he said something. But now, trying to write simple English, he not only wasn’t articulate, Malcolm wasn’t even functional.How would he sound writing in slang, the way he would say it, something such as, â€Å"look, daddy, let me pull your coat about a cat, Elijah Muhammad—â€Å"Many who today hear Malcolm somewhere in person, or on television, or those who read something he said, will think Malcolm went to school far beyond the eighth grade. This impression is due entirely to Malcolm’s prison studies. (Alex Haley p. 174) I realized by not have a degree my finical situation would not change. Sure I could get another job, but that’s what led to the breakup of my family.Working to many hours and n ot spending quality time with them (workaholic). I also felt like I had no real respect given to me in the position I was in, and felt I was afraid to go back to college because I did not want anyone to know I was a college dropout. My handwriting, spelling, and grammar need improvement also. The college of New Rochelle is giving me the confidence to take charge my future. Galimore 4 Rita faced many obstacles in her academic progression. She had two main obstructions, one was her working class background and the second was her husband Denny.Denny’s views are very traditional when it comes to the role of a woman. He failed to support her education and tried his best to distract her whenever he could. In the end the marriage failed because of Rita’s pursuit of her studies. Socially Rita was confused, around her family she felt that she can be better and do something better with her life than just have children and be a support system to her husband, but in the other hand when around her peers she felt inferior to her fellow students for they were so knowledgeable and she had nothing to talk about.Even with her not being certain where exactly she fit in Rita still maintained enough confidence to push forward and accomplish her goals. I faced many of the same obstacles in my academic progressions as Rita did. My work background was always in a blue collar capacity, always missing out on job advancement opportunities which meant better salaries of me. Letting my finical responsibility to my family first instead for going back to college and completing my degree requirements. This would have put me in a better position to spend more time raising my kids.Don’t look at this in a negative way, my kids are doing fine and turned out to be great young men, but if I had it to do over. Money and Quality time is a good recipe for a successful relationship. Today I maintained enough confidences to push forward and accomplish my goals just like Rita. Galim ore 5 â€Å"The allegory of the cave† According to those living inside the cave, their perception was their reality, and these people who stayed inside the cave could not see the light and were not open to new ideas, but those who left outside the cave had a greater understanding of the light’s reality and realized there was more to life.It would have been hard to return after finding this new knowledge. Growing up in the community I grow up in, seems to me know like the inside of a cave. My perception of reality was of the perception of those around me. A product of my environment, a person always chasing the money and not allowing the money to chase me. I was a person who would not venture to for from my community, but always wonder what it was like on the other side. Now that I am at the College of New Rochelle, I have a greater understanding and realize that I can accomplish more in life if I try.Going back to feeling like I am just a blue collar worker is unaccept able, for I see the torch and I am going to light it one day. Failure is not an option at this point in my life, so whatever it takes to accomplish this goal consider this goal accomplished. Professor Quinn I will see you at the finish line. Writing Assignment #4 Education is Liberating Tyrone Galimore LAS 100 – Experience, Learning and Identity Professor Tania J Quinn December 1, 2010